Mean-Level Change

A change over time in a group’s average score on a trait.

• Ex: A class of first-year students is, on average, more organized at graduation than at orientation.
• Ex: A team’s average patience falls over a season of losing.
• Ex: Residents of a town measured before and after a flood score higher on neuroticism on average a year later.

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Last updated: October 20, 2026 at 10:26 AM